Published Papers

Listed alphabetical by first author

Bonnycastle, L.L., Willer, C.J., Conneely, K.N., Jackson, A.U., Burrill, C.P., Watanabe, R.M., Chines, P.S., Narisu, N., Scott, L.J., Enloe, S.T., Swift, A.J., Duren, W.L., Stringham, H.M., Erdos, M.R., Riebow, N.L., Buchanan, T.A., Valle, T.T., Tuomilehto, J., Bergman, R.N., Mohlke, K.L., Boehnke, M., Collins, F.S. (2006) Common Variants in Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young Genes Contribute to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Finns. Diabetes 55:2534-2540.

Chen, W-M, Erdos, M.R., Jackson, A.U., Saxena, R., Sanna, S., Silver, K.D., Timpson, N.J., Hansen, T., Orrù, M., Piras, M.G., Bonnycastle, L.L., Willer, C.J., Lyssenko, V., Shen, H., Kuusisto, J., Ebrahim, S., Sestu, N., Duren, W.L., Spada, M.C., Stringham, H.M., Scott, L.J., Olla, N., Swift, A.J., Najjar, S., Mitchell, B.D., Lawlor, D.A., Smith, G.D., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Andersen, G., Borch-Johnsen, K., Jørgensen, T., Saramies, J., Valle, T.T., Buchanan, T.A., Shuldiner, A.R., Lakatta, E., Bergman, R.N., Uda, M., Tuomilehto, J., Pedersen, O., Cao, A., Groop, L., Mohlke, K.L., Laakso, M., Schlessinger, D., Collins, F.S., Altshuler, D., Abecasis, G.R., Boehnke, M., Scuteri, A., Watanabe, R.M. (2008) Variations in the G6PC2/ABCB11 Genomic Region are Associated with Fasting Glucose Levels. Journal of Clinical Investigation 118:2620-2628. Published online 2 June 2008, doi:10.1172/JCI34566.

Conneely, K.N., Silander K., Scott, L.J., Mohlke, K.L., Lazaridis, K.N., Valle, T.T., Tuomilehto, J., Bergman, R.N., Watanabe, R.M., Buchanan, T.A., Collins, F.S., Boehnke, M. (2004) Variation in the Resistin Gene is Associated with Obesity and Insulin-Related Phenotypes in Finnish Subjects. Diabetologia 47:1782-1788.

Douglas, J.A., Erdos, M.R., Watanabe, R.M., Braun, A., Johnston, C.L., Oeth, P., Mohlke, K. L., Valle, T.T., Ehnholm, C., Buchanan, T., Bergman, R.N., Collins, F.S., Boehnke, M., and Tuomilehto, J. (2001) The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma 2 Pro12Ala Variant: Association with Type 2 Diabetes and Trait Differences. Diabetes 50:886-890.

Fingerlin, T.E., Erdos, M.R., Watanabe, R.M., Wiles, K.R., Stringham, H.M., Molhke, K.L., Silander, K., Valle, T.T., Buchanan, T.A., Tuomilehto, J., Bergman, R.N., Boehnke, M., and Collins, F. (2002) Variation in Three Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Calpain-10 Gene not Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in a Large Finnish Cohort Diabetes 51:1644-1648.
Franks, P.W., Rolandsson, O., Debenham, S.L., Fawcett, K.A., Payne, F., Dina, C., Froguel, P., Mohlke, K.L., Willer, C., Olsson, T., Wareham, N.J., Hallmans, G., Barroso, I., and Sandhu, M.S. (2008) Replication of the Association Between Variants in WFS1 and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in European Populations Diabetologia51(3):458-463.

Ghosh, S., Karanjawala, Z., Hauser, E., Ally, D., Knapp, J., Rayman, J., Musick, A., Tannenbaum, J., Te, C., Shapiro, S., Eldridge, W., Musick, T., Martin, C., Smith, J., Carpten, J., Brownstein, M., Powell, J., Whiten, R., Chines, P., Nylund, S., Magnuson, V., Boehnke, M., Collins, F., and the FUSION Study Group. (1997) Methods for Precise Sizing, Automated Binning of Alleles and Reduction of Error Rates in Large-Scale Genotyping Using Fluorescently-Labeled Dinucleotide Markers. Genome Research 7:165-178.

Ghosh, S., Hauser, E.R., Magnuson, V.L, Valle, T., Ally, D.S., Karanjawala, Z.E., Rayman, J.B., Knapp, J.I., Musick, A., Tannenbaum, J., Te, C., Eldridge, W., Shapiro, S., Musick, T., Martin, C., So, A., Witt, A., Blaschak-Harvan, J., Watanabe, R.M., Hagopian, W., Eriksson, J., Nylund, S., Kohtamaki, K., Tuomilehto-Wolf, E., Toivanen, L., Vidgren, G., Ehnholm, C., Bergman, R., Tuomilehto, J., Collins, F.S., and Boehnke, M. (1998) A Large Sample of Finnish Diabetic Sib-Pairs Reveals no Evidence for a NIDDM Susceptibility Locus at 2qter. Journal of Clinical Investigation 102:704-709.

Ghosh, S., Langefeld, C.D., Ally, D., Watanabe, R.M., Hauser, E.R. Magnuson, V.L., Nylund, S.J., Valle, T., Eriksson, J., Bergman, R.N., Tuomilehto, J., Collins, F.S., and Boehnke, M. (1999) The W64R Variant of the Beta3-Adrenergic Receptor is not Associated with Type II Diabetes or Obesity in a Large Finnish Sample. Diabetologia 42:238-244, 1999.

Ghosh, S., Watanabe, R.M., Hauser, E.R., Valle, T., Magnuson, V.L., Erdos, M.R., Langefeld, C.D., Balow, J., Ally, D.S., Kohtamaki, K., Chines, P., Birznieks, G., Kaleta, H.S., Musick, A., Te, C., Tannenbaum, J., Eldridge, W., Shapiro, S., Martin, C., Witt, A., So, A., Chang, J., Shurtleff, B., Porter, R., Kudelko, K., Unni, A., Segal, L., Sharaf, R., Blaschak-Harvan, J., Eriksson, J., Tenkula, T., Vidgren, G., Ehnholm, C., Tuomilehto-Wolf, E., Hagopian, W., Buchanan, T.A., Tuomilehto, J., Bergman, R.N., Collins, F.S., and Boehnke, M. (1999) Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence for Linkage on Chromosome 20 in 716 Finnish affected Sib Pairs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96:2198-2203.

Ghosh, S., Watanabe, R.M., Valle, T., Hauser, E.R., Magnuson, V.L., Langefeld, C.D., Ally, D.S., Mohlke, K.L., Silander, K., Kohtamaki, K., Chines, P., Balow, J., Birznieks, G., Chang, J., Eldridge, W., Erdos, M.R., Karanjawala, Z.E., Knapp, J.I., Kudelko, K., Martin, C., Morales-Mena, A., Musick, A., Musick, T., Pfahl, C., Porter, R., Rayman, J.B., Rha, D., Segal, L., Shapiro, S., Sharaf, R., Shurtleff, B., So, A., Tannenbaum, J., Te, C., Tovar, J., Unni, A., Welch, C., Whiten, R., Witt, A., Blaschak-Harvan, J., Douglas, J.A., Duren, W.L., Epstein, M.P., Fingerlin, T.E., Kaleta, H.S., Lange, E.M., Li, C., McEachin, R.C., Stringham, H.M., Trager, E., White, P.P., Eriksson, J., Toivanen, L., Vidgren, G., Nylund, S.J., Tuomilehto-Wolf, E., Ross, E.H., Demirchyan, E., Hagopian, W.A., Buchanan, T.A., Tuomilehto, J., Bergman, R.N., Collins, F.S., and Boehnke, M. (2000) The Finland-United States Investigation of Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Genetics (FUSION) Study. I. An Autosomal Genome Scan for Genes that Predispose to Type 2 Diabetes. American Journal of Human Genetics 67:1174-1185.

Huth, C., Heid, I.M., Vollmert, C., Gieger, C., Grallert, H., Wolford, J.K., Langer, B., Thorand, B., Klopp, N., Hamid, Y.H., Pedersen, O., Hansen, T., Lyssenko, V., Groop, L., Meisinger, C., Doring, A., Lowel, H., Lieb, W., Hengstenberg, C., Rathmann, W., Martin, S., Stephens, J.W., Ireland, H., Mather, H., Miller, G.J., Stringham, H.M., Boehnke, M., Tuomilehto, J., Boeing, H., Mohlig, M., Spranger, J., Pfeiffer, A., Wernstedt, I., Niklason, A., Lopez-Bermejo, A., Fernandez-Real, J.M., Hanson, R.L., Gallart, L., Vendrell, J., Tsiavou, A., Hatziagelaki, E., Humphries, S.E., Wichmann, H.E., Herder, C., Illig T. (2006) IL6 Gene Promoter Polymorphisms and Type 2 Diabetes Joint Analysis of Individual Participants' Data From 21 Studies. Diabetes 55:2915-2921 (Also online appendix).

Karanjawala, Z.E., Kaariainen, H., Ghosh, S., Tannenbaum, J., Martin, C., Ally, D., Tuomilehto, J., Valle, T., and Collins, F.S. (2000) Complete Maternal Isodisomy of Chromosome 8 in an Individual with an Early-Onset Ileal Carcinoid Tumor. American Journal of Medical Genetics 93:207-210.

Magnuson, V.L., Ally, D.S., Nylund, S.J., Karanjawala, Z.E., Rayman, J.B., Knapp, J.I., Lowe, A.L., Ghosh, S., and Collins, F.S. (1996) Substrate Nucleotide-Determined Non-Templated Addition of Adenine by Taq DNA Polymerase: Implications for PCR-Based Genotyping and Cloning. BioTechniques 21(4):700-709.

Mohlke, K.L, Lange, E.M., Valle, T.T., Ghosh, S., Magnuson, V.L., Silander K., Watanabe, R.M., Chines, P.S., Bergman, R.N., Tuomilehto, J., Collins, F.S., and Boehnke, M. (2001) Linkage Disequilibrium Between Microsatellite Markers Extends Beyond 1 cM on Chromosome 20 in Finns. Genome Research 11:1221-1226.

Mohlke, K.L., Erdos, M.R., Scott, L.J., Fingerlin, T.E., Jackson, A.U., Silander, K., Hollstein, P., Boehnke, M., and Collins, F.S. (2002) High-throughput screening for evidence of association by using mass spectrometry genotyping on DNA pools. PNAS 99:16928-16933.

Mohlke, K.L. and Boehnke, M. (2005) The role of HNF4A variants in the risk of type 2 diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports 5:149-156.

Mohlke, K.L., Skol, A.D., Scott, L.J., Valle, T.T., Bergman, R.N., Tuomilehto, J., Boehnke, M. and Collins, F.S. (2005) Evaluation of SLC2A10 (GLUT10) as a candidate gene for susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and related traits in Finns. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 85:323-327.

Mohlke, K.L., Jackson, A.U., Scott, L.J., Peck, E.C., Suh, Y.D., Chines, P.S., Watanabe, R.M., Buchanan, T.A., Conneely, K.N., Erdos, M.R., Narisu, N., Enloe, S., Valle, T.T., Tuomilehto, J., Bergman, R.N., Boehnke, M., Collins, F.S. (2005) Mitochondrial polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes-related traits in Finns. Human Genetics 118:245-254.
Sanna, S., Jackson, A.U., Nagaraja, R., Willer, C.J., Chen, W-M., Bonnycastle, L.L., Shen, H., Timpson, N., Lettre, G., Usala, G., Chines, P.S., Stringham, H.M., Scott, L.J., Dei, M., Lai, S., Albai, G., Crisponi, L., Naitza, S., Doheny, K.F., Pugh, E.W., Shlomo, Y.B., Ebrahim, S., Lawlor, D.A., Bergman, R.N., Watanabe, R.M., Uda, M., Tuomilehto, J., Coresh, J., Hirschhorn, J.N., Shuldiner, A.R., Schlessinger, D., Collins, F.S., Smith, G.D., Boerwinkle, E., Cao, A., Boehnke, M., Abecasis, G.R., Mohlke, K.L. (2008) Common Variants in the GDF5-UQCC Region are Associated with Variation in Human Height. Nature Genetics 40:198-203. Published online 13 January 2008, doi:10.1038/ng.74. Supplemental Material

Scott, L.J., Bonnycastle, L.L., Willer, C.J., Sprau, A.G., Jackson, A.U., Narisu, N., Duren, W.L., Chines, P.S., Stringham, H.M., Erdos, M.R., Valle, T.T., Tuomilehto, J., Bergman, R.N., Mohlke, K.L., Collins, F.S., Boehnke, M. (2006) Association of Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 (TCF7L2) Variants With Type 2 Diabetes in a Finnish Sample. Diabetes 55:2649-2653.

Scott, L.J., Mohlke, K.L., Bonnycastle, L.L., Willer, C.J., Li, Y., Duren, W.L., Erdos, M.R., Stringham, H.M., Chines, P.S., Jackson, A.U., Prokunina-Olsson L., Ding, C.J., Swift, A.J., Narisu, N., Hu, T., Pruim, R., Xiao, R., Li, X.Y., Conneely, K.N., Riebow, N.L., Sprau, A.G., Tong, M., White, P.P., Hetrick, K.N., Barhnart, M.W., Bark, C.W., Goldstein, J.L., Watkins, L., Xiang, F., Saramies, J., Buchanan, T.A., Watanabe, R.M., Valle, T.T., Kinnunen, L., Abecasis, G.R., Pugh, E.W., Doheny, K.F., Bergman, R.N., Tuomilehto, J., Collins, F.S., Boehnke, M. (2007) A Genome-Wide Association Study of Type 2 Diabetes in Finns Detects Multiple Susceptibility Variants. Science 316:1341-1345. Supplemental Material.

Shtir, C., Nagakawa, S., Duren, W.L., Conneely, K.N., Scott, L.J., Silander, K., Valle, T.T., Tuomilehto, J., Buchanan, T.A., Bergman, R.N., Collins, F.S., Boehnke, M., Watanabe, R.M. (2007) Subsets of Finns with High HDL to Total Cholesterol Ratio Show Evidence to Type 2 Diabetes on Chromosome 6q. Human Heredity 63:17-25.
Silander, K., Scott, L.J., Valle, T.T., Mohlke, K.L., Stringham, H.M., Wiles, K.R., Duren, W.L., Doheny, K.F., Pugh, E.W., Chines, P., Narisu, N., White, P.P., Fingerlin, T.E., Jackson, A.U., Li, C., Ghosh, S., Magnuson, V.L., Colby, K., Erdos, M.R., Hill, J.E., Hollstein, P., Humphreys, K.M., Kasad, R.A., Lambert, J., Lazaridis, K.N., Lin, G., Morales-Mena, A., Patzkowski, K., Pfahl, C., Porter, R. Rha, D., Segal, L., Suh, Y.D., Tovar, J., Unni, A., Welch, C., Douglas, J.D., Epstein, M.P., Hauser, E.R., Hagopian, W., Buchanan, T.A., Watanabe, R.M., Bergman, R.N., Tuomilehto, J., Collins, F.S., and Boehnke, M. (2004) A Large Set of Finnish Affected Sibling Pair Families With Type 2 Diabetes Suggests Susceptibility Loci on Chromosomes 6, 11, and 14. Diabetes 53:821-829.

Silander, K., Mohlke, K.L., Scott, L.J., Peck, E.C., Hollstein, P., Skol, A.D., Jackson, A.U., Deloukas, P., Hunt, S., Stavrides, G., Chines, P.S., Erdos, M., R., Narisu, N., Conneely, K.N., Li, C., Fingerlin, T.E., Dhanjal, S.K., Valle, T.T., Bergman, R.N., Tuomilehto, J., Watanabe, R.M., Boehnke, M., and Collins, F.S. (2004) Genetic Variation Near the Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-4a Gene Predicts Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 53:1141-1149.

Tsuchiya, T., Schwarz, P., del Bosque-Plata, L., Hayes, M.G., Dina, C., Froguel, P., Towers, G.W., Fischer, S., Temelkova-Kurktschiev, T., Rietzsch, H., Graessler, J., Vcelák, J., Palyzová, D., Selisko, T., Bendlová, B., Schulze, J., Julius, U., Hanefeld, M., Weedon, M.N., Evans, J.C., Frayling, T.M., Hattersley, A.T., Orho-Melander, M., Groop, L., Malecki, M.T., Hansen, T., Pedersen, O., Fingerlin, T.E., Boehnke, M., Hanis, C.L., Cox, N.J., and Bell, G.I. (2006) Association of the calpain-10 gene with type 2 diabetes in Europeans: results of pooled and meta-analyses. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 89:174-184.

Valle, T., Tuomilehto, J., Bergman, R.N., Ghosh, S., Hauser, E.R., Eriksson, J., Nylund, S., Kohtamaki, K., Tuomilehto-Wolf, E., Toivanen, L., Vidgren, G., Ehnholm, C., Blaschak, J., Langefeld, C.D., Watanabe, R.M., Magnuson, V., Ally, D.S., Hagopian, W.A., Ross, E., Buchanan, T.A., Collins, F., and Boehnke, M. (1998) Mapping Genes for Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: Design of the Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study. Diabetes Care 21:949-958.

Watanabe, R.M., Valle, T., Hauser, E.R., Ghosh, S., Eriksson, J., Kohtamaki, K., Ehnholm, C., Tuomilehto, J., Collins, F.S., Bergman, R.N., and Boehnke, M. for the Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study Investigators. (1999) Familiality of Quantitative Metabolic Traits in Finnish Families with Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Human Heredity 49:159-168.

Watanabe, R.M., Ghosh, S., Langefeld, C.D., Valle, T., Hauser, E.R., Magnuson, V.L., Mohlke, K.L., Silander, K., Ally, D.S., Chines, P., Blaschak-Harvan, J., Douglas, J.A., Duren, W.L., Epstein, M.P., Fingerlin, T.E., Kaleta, H.S., Lange, E.M., Li, C., McEachin, R.C., Stringham, H.M., Trager, E., White, P.P., Balow, J., Birznieks, G., Chang, J., Eldridge, W., Erdos, M.R., Karanjawala, Z.E., Knapp, J.I., Kudelko, K., Martin, C., Morales-Mena, A., Musick, A., Musick, T., Pfahl, C., Porter, R., Rayman, J.B., Rha, D., Segal, L., Shapiro, S., Sharaf, R., Shurtleff, B., So, A., Tannenbaum, J., Te, C., Tovar, J., Unni, A., Welch, C., Whiten, R., Witt, A., Kohtamaki, K., Ehnholm, C., Eriksson, J., Toivanen, L., Vidgren, G., Nylund, S.J., Tuomilehto-Wolf, E., Ross, E.H., Demirchyan, E., Hagopian, W.A., Buchanan, T.A., Tuomilehto, J., Bergman, R.N., Collins, F.S., and Boehnke, M. (2000) The Finland-United States Investigation of Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Genetics (FUSION) Study. II. An Autosomal Genome Scan for Diabetes-Related Quantitative-Trait Loci. American Journal of Human Genetics 67:1186-1200.

Willer, C.J., Scott, L.J., Bonnycastle, L.L, Jackson, A.U., Chines, P., Pruim, R., Bark, C.W., Tsai, Y., Pugh, E.W., Doheny, K.F., Kinnunen, L., Mohlke, K.L., Valle, T.T., Bergman, R.N., Tuomilehto, J., Collins, F.S., and Boehnke, M. (2006) Tag SNP Selection for Finnish Individuals Based on the CEPH Utah HapMap Database. Genetic Epidemiology 30:180-190.

Willer, C.J., Bonnycastle, L.L., Conneely, K.N., Duren, W.L., Jackson, A.U., Scott, L.J., Narisu, N., Chines, P.S., Skol, A., Stringham, H., Petrie, J., Erdos, M.R., Swift, A.J., Enloe, S.T., Sprau, A.G., Smith, E., Tong, M., Doheny, K.F., Pugh, E.W., Watanabe, R.W., Buchanan, T.A., Valle, T.T., Bergman, R.N., Tuomilehto, J., Mohlke, K.L, Collins, F.S., and Boehnke, M. (2007) Screening of 134 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Previously Associated with 12 SNPs in Nine Genes. Diabetes 56:256-264.
Online Appendix 1
Online Appendix 2
Online Appendix 3

Willer, C.J., Sanna, S., Jackson, A.U., Scuteri, A., Bonnycastle, L.L., Clarke, R., Heath, S.C., Timpson, N.J., Najjar, S.S., Stringham, H.M., Strait, J., Duren, W.L., Maschio, A., Busonero, F., Mulas, A., Albai, G., Swift, A.J., Morken, M.A., Narisu, N., Bennett, D., Parish, S., Shen, H., Galan, P., Meneton, P., Hercberg, S., Zelenika, D., Chen, W-M., Li, Y., Scott, L.J., Sheet, P.A., Sundvall, J., Watanabe, R.M., Nagaraja, R., Ebrahim, S., Lawlor, D.A., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Davey-Smith, G., Shuldiner, A.R., Collins, R., Bergman, R.N., Uda, M., Tuomilehto, J., Cao, A., Collins, F.S., Lakatta, E., Lathrop, G.M., Boehnke, M., Schlessinger, D., Mohlke, K.L., Abecasis, G.R. (2008) Newly Identified Loci that Influence Lipid Concentrations and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease. Nature Genetics 40:161-169. Published online 13 January 2008, doi:10.1038/ng.76. Supplemental Material

Zeggini, E., Scott, L.J., Saxena, R., and Voight, B.F., for the Diabetes Genetics Replication and Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM) Consortium (2008) Meta-analysis of Genome-wide Association Data and Large-scale Replication Identifies Additional Susceptibility Loci for Type 2 Diabetes, Nature Genetics 40:638-645. Published Online 30 March 2008, doi:10.1038/ng.120.
Supplementary Text and Figures
Supplementary Table 5

FUSION-Related Papers (Published)

Boehnke, M., and Cox, N.J. (1997) Accurate Inference of Relationships in Sib-Pair Linkage Studies. American Journal of Human Genetics 61:423-429.

Epstein, M.P., Lin, X., and Boehnke, M. (2003) A Tobit Variance-Component Method for Linkage Analysis of Censored Trait Data. American Journal of Human Genetics 72:611-620.

Fingerlin, T.E., Boehnke, M., and Abacesis, G.R. (2004) Increasing the Power and Efficiency of Disease-Marker Case-Control Association Studies Through Use of Allele-Sharing Information. American Journal of Human Genetics 74:432-443.

Hauser, E.R., Watanabe, R.M., Duren, W.L., Bass, M.P., Langefeld, C.D., and Boehnke, M. (2004) Ordered Subset Analysis in Genetic Linkage Mapping of Complex Traits. Genetic Epidemiology 27:53-63.

Li, C., Scott, L.J., and Boehnke, M. (2004) Assessing Whether an Allele can Account in Part for a Linkage Signal: The Genotype-IBD Sharing Test (GIST). American Journal of Human Genetics 74:418-431.

Li, C. and Boehnke, M. (2006) Haplotype Association Analysis for Late Onset Diseases using Nuclear Family Data. Genetic Epidemiology 30:220-230.

Li, M., Boehnke, M., and Abecasis, G.R. (2005) Joint Modeling of Linkage and Association: Identifying SNPs Responsible for a Linkage Signal. American Journal of Human Genetics 76:934-949.

Li, M., Boehnke, M., and Abecasis, G.R. GR (2006) Efficient Study Designs for Test of Genetic Association using Sibship Data and Unrelated Cases and Controls. American Journal of Human Genetics 78:778-792.

Skol, A.D., Scott, L.J., Abecasis, G.R., and Boehnke, M. (2006) Joint Analysis is more Efficient than Replication-based Analysis for Two-stage Genome-wide Association Studies. Nature Genetics 38:209-213.

Skol, A.D., Scott, L.J., Abecasis, G.R., and Boehnke, M. (2007) Optimal Designs for Two-stage Genome-wide Association Studies. Genetic Epidemiology 31:776-788.